You have the 18-55, use it to see what focal length you would like to have as a prime.
Is the 50 a good all purpose lens?
Usually for "all purpose" you would want a lens with a focal length that is the normal focal length for the camera. This is where the focal length is approximately equal to the diagonal dimension of the image sensor. For an XSi, this is 28mm. Your kit lens has a dot on the focal length scale for this point. See if you like using this setting for most things. 50mm might be too zoomed in for you. Try it and see.
Who are the good vendors?
B&H, Adorama, Craigslist.
Your camera can use any Canon EF or EF-S lens.
can it be done for under $150, US?
For this price you can definitely get a Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 II. If you shop carefully, you can probably find a Canon EF 28mm f/2.8 for around $150 or slightly more. The 28/2.8 is Canon's second cheapest prime.
Given that the EF-S 18-55mm IS is f/4 at 28mm and f/4.5 at 29mm, the EF 28mm f/2.8 will let in more than twice as much light as the kit lens. The 18-55 is f/5.6 at 50mm so the 50mm f/1.8 II can let in 10x as much light. In both of those cases, you will gain some flexibility in picture taking to be able to trade off some depth of field for a faster shutter speed, or lower noise depending on your needs.