The National Parks pass is now $80, so you will need more than two parks to make it worthwhile. But with your itinerary I'm sure it will come in handy.
When we first visited the Canadian Rockies we were a little surprised by the cost - even though we were there for a week, it was cheaper to buy the yearly pass (which we ended up using the next year, so it worked out okay).
Of the parks you listed, I've been to these ones:
1. Banff National Park in Canada
4. Yosemite
5. Kings Canyon
6. Grand Canyon
7. Zion National Park
8. Arches National Park
Love them all ... while Banff is nice and I'm sure you'll want to go to all the famous places, don't forget some of the other parks nearby. My favorite park is actually Assiniboine Provincial Park, but you can't really day hike there (requires backcountry camping). Lake O'Hara in Yoho is a close second - if you have a time frame for when you'll be in Canada and it's far enough out, try to get permits to Lake O'Hara. I can't remember how far Sentinel Pass is (starts at Moraine Lake), but that is a great hike that is probably within the range you listed (or close to it).
Yosemite - the usual suspects. I would spend time in the valley as well in the high country. Tioga Lake is a nice spot and Clouds Rest is a nice hike. If you are in the area long enough, a nice side trip (if you are staying in the high country part) is Mono Lake and Bodie Ghost Town.
Kings Canyon - can't help much there as we were backpacking and only did one day hike (which was okay - super smoggy that day so didn't have great views). The sequoias are cool to see and there are some easy walks around those.
Grand Canyon - I've only been to the south rim, so not familiar with trails on the north rim. But north rim is a lot less crowded (and not as hot if you are planning on going in the summer). It's nice to walk along the rim and if you want to go into the canyon - Indian Garden/Plateau Point is a good option. If you are in the area, a lot of people also go to Page or Sedona - both great spots too.
Zion - most popular hikes are the Narrows and Angel's Landing. If you don't like exposure, Angel's Landing can be dicey - but it's still a nice hike if you just go to Scout Lookout. Another alternative is Observation Point across the valley. Emerald Pools is a shorter/easier hike.
Arches - smaller park, so the longest trailed hike you can do is about eight miles I think (Devil's Garden Primitive Loop). It's a good one because it hits a lot of cool things in one hike. Of course, Delicate Arch. Dead Horse Point and Canyonlands neat to see in this area. There are also nice spots that aren't in the national parks.
Not sure what your route or rough itinerary looks like, but wondering if you've been to Yellowstone? If you haven't and it fits your route, I would add it. The thermal features are unique and it's a great park to visit. A lot of other stuff to do in the area as well.