I just skimmed through this thread quickly and haven't opened any files--plus I can't open file sharing sites from the work-secured computer I am on right now, but I will give some perspective just based off of your original post. When I get home tonight I will take a look at the raws you uploaded.
You have a very nice camera and lens by what you mentioned, and you are shooting raw. With this combination it is incredibly difficult to "screw up" as you said; I think you are being way too hard on yourself.
For starters, from what I read above from Chris Holtmeier, it seems that you are shooting portraits. You have a good lens for that but, and don't take this personally, I think you could benefit from some more reading and knowledge of exposure, ie. aperture, iso, shutter speed (the exposure triangle). If I saw iso1000 and f-stop 10, the first thing that would pop into my mind without seeing an image is that you are taking a picture of a mountain range in low light and you don't have a tripod. Understanding these settings and how they affect your images will unlock an amazing amount of control over your photos.
White Balance/Overall Color: White balance is subjective and can be "artistically tweaked." If you shoot raw then you have total control in software of how you want the overall color temperature of the image. If you want white balance that is authentically natural to what you originally saw with your eyes when taking the picture, then you can do the whole grey card thing. For me, white balance is simply another tool to play with the image and get it how I want. And to be honest, the "true" white balance from a scene can often times be boring! Warm up a landscape, or even a portrait shot just a little bit and you'll see what I mean. For a portrait, make sure you don't introduce unnatural color casts into the skin.
Sharpening: Not sure what you mean by "uniform" sharpening, but look at it this way. When working with the raw file, you should be doing what is called "capture sharpening." Basically, this is applying just enough light sharpening to cut through the softening that unavoidably happens when an image is captured through the camera's hardware. Here you are just trying to bring it back to life, but not put any bark or bite into it. After you do all your edits and adjustments and get the final image looking the way you want, then you resize for your intended destination, and then apply the secondary/main sharpening (also referred to as "creative sharpening)." I'm not going to get into the intricacies of sharpening now (there are a lot), but just know that a final image, whether ending up on a computer screen or in a frame on a wall, should never "look sharpened." It should just look good.
Hope some of this helps,
Randy
Canon eos7D | Canon 50mm 1.4 | Canon 17-55mm 2.8 | Sigma 70-200mm 2.8 | Yongnuo 565ex | Yongnuo yn-468 II | Canon ef28-135mm 3.5/5.6 | Canon ef-s 55-250mm 4.0/5.6