As MalveauX stated, I would shoot 2 exposures, then merge in Photoshop as a composite image (assuming your are shooting in raw, for best overall potential).
For the moon, I would shoot at ISO100, f/13-f/16 and around 1/100th second (you'll have to play with this on your camera to find the best exposure settings, but a start.
For the phytoplankton, I would shoot at f/2, ISO 400 and around 5 seconds as a starting point.
Once you have dialed in the exposures for the moon & phytoplankton, you should be able to create a good composite (similar to this using images created in 2013, where I shot a Full Moon in April, then the Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas during National Finals Rodeo in December and created a composite):
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