There are 3 elements in any photograph: Exposure, Composition and Focus.
On old manual cameras the control over these 3 elements are separate.
Focus is controlled by manipulating the lens.
Exposure is controlled by manipulating shutter speed and aperture.
Composition is controlled by pressing the shutter release.
This gives the photographer total uncompromisable control over the photographic process.
It also requires technical knowledge and is time consuming.
When Autofocus and Autoexposure systems were developed they allowed the photographic process to be simplified and sped up.
They allowed the average consumer to start taking pictures with out any need for special knowledge. All they have to do is compose the photo, and press one button.
The camera does the rest.
They also relieved the photographer from having to worry about getting the focus and exposure right before setting the composition.
Instead a photographer with an automatic camera can sacrifice control over focus and exposure for speed in setting the composition.
Of course tying all 3 elements to one button creates a huge compromise and using auto systems sacrifices total control over the photograph.
It means the focus you want to set, needs to be in the same place as the exposure you want to set, and both need to be lined up with composition you want.
This leads to lots of family snap shots with everyone and everything dead center of the frame.
Most cameras now days allow you to half press the shutter release to set focus and exposure, and set the composition by a full press of the shutter release.
This is better, but still a compromise as you are still forced to focus and set exposure on the same subject.
More advanced cameras allow you to set the exposure manually, and this does separate the 3 elements.
The separation is not always ideal though, as focus is still tied to the same button as composition.
Using custom function 4-1 goes that extra step further, in completely separating the 3 elements into 3 separate sets of controls on the camera when shooting with manual exposure.
Anyone one element can be set, and the controls left with out effecting the settings of the other two elements.
It is simply another option available to the photographer, and offers a level of control over the photograph that most closely resembles that found on older fully manual cameras.