1.The "f" stop refers to the apeture opening.The higher the # i.e. f22 f16...the smaller the opening thus the less light will hit the sensor.You need to compensate for this with your shutter speed/iso.Typically your meter will give you a reading that will help you adjust.
2.The apeture also controls your "depth of field" or amount of the scene that is in sharp focus.The lower the number the tighter the focal plane,and thus less of the scene in focus.Its a trade off as to how high a number you can use,depending on the amount of light you need a shutter speed of at least 1 over the focal lenght of your lens to avoid camera shake.Unless of course you use a tripod.
3.ISO controls the sensors sensitivity to light,allowing you to shoot at higher shutter speed/apeture.The trade off is noise,the higher the iso the more the quality will degrade and noise will appear.1600 will not really produce useable images in most circumstances.The only time I ever use it is to shoot hs football where the field is usually very dark.
4.Low iso is not for night,just the opposite its for brightly lit situations.It will produce the best results with the least amount of noise but will require the most light.
5.As stated earlier 4000th of a sec shutter speed is waaay too fast for an interior shot.Without lights I would say more like 125th sec at F8 depending on the ambient light.Interiors are tricky to shoot and almost always require a tripod.
6.The faster the better to stop action.You must balance it out however with a combination of fstop and iso.You may need to shoot at iso400 and f4.0 to get a high enough shutter speed.Use you camera meter to determin the best combination.
7.Same thing here,the higher the shutter speed the better to freeze action.
8.Just the opposite,the bigger the file size the more information obtained.Raw is the absolute best because no processing is done to the information exposed, but it requires large amounts of storage space.You should be fine on large JPEG for mos instances.
9.Again the noise has nothing to do with the image size.It is a function of the iso (and other factors not listed here to keep thealready high confusion factor down).When you enlarge it you are just amplifing the noise and making it more apparent.
10.Finally the settings on your camera are to help you easily shoot in certain situations.
AP is apeture priority..it is for situations where you need a constant amount of depth of field.The camera will try to pick an apporopriate shutter speed to match the apeture you have set.
TV is shutter priority..it is for when you need a certain shutter speed to achieve the effect you are looking for i.e. to freeze action(high) or to blur something like running water(low)
I would suggest you read the manual and suggested books (as well as Photography 8th edition)to thouroughly understand all of these concepts.Once you start to learn them shoot with your camera on manual for a while to learn how these settings interact with each other.I still shoot mainly on manual i'm just so used to it.
Hope this helps I know its a little long winded but I was in your shoes a little over a year ago and I know it can be confusing.
