It’s may understanding/recollection that the 580 essentially has a 1 stop advantage over the 430? If this is correct wouldn’t we simply be able to lower the shutter speed to 125sec and achieve the same results?
No, because with flash, its output of light (e.g. 1/1000) is but a very small portion of the time the shutter is open (e.g. 1/200), so leaving the shutter open more or less time will make NO DIFFERENCE to the portion of the exposure made via the flash!
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Yes increasing FEC will work -- but only if you do not exceed the light output capability of the flash. It does no good for your wife to ask you to bring home $1000 extra tomorrow by working overtime, if you earn $10 per hour.

