Ben, I have never used a filter for "protection". I still have my Nikon and Mamiya cameras and lenses that I bought in the late 1960's, and all were well used until just a few years ago. None of the lenses have any perceptable damage to the glass, even though the external finish is well worn.
All of my lenses always have a properly designed rigid lens hood (specific hoods for each lens from the lens manufacturer) mounted whenever the lens is on a camera.
I usually do not find myself trying to photograph things in an environment with blowing sand, etc., which would have a strong tendency to eat up glass surfaces. If I planned to do a shoot in that sort of situation, I would probably buy a disposable (inexpensive) filter for the task. I have shot many automobile races (Formula 1 and drag racing mostly) with all the stuff in the air around them - and I worked very close to the action when I did those shoots, and again my lenses are just fine today.
Another reason to use lens hoods - they provide mechanical protection against the daily bumps and bangs. Rigid lens hoods also provide significant protection against outright crashes. In 1968 I dropped a Nikon with a 28mm lens onto a sidewalk from four feet up. The metal Nikon lens hood took the primary impact, and the action of its folding up absorbed the impact over a much longer time than if the lens itself (or a filter screwed to the lens) had hit the concrete. That reduced the peak forces to the point that the camera and lens never needed repairs and are fine to this day. I did replace the lens hood due to aesthetic choices.