Is it possible?

That lens or battery can broke camera. Something like bad contacts. I'm not sure i've explained it good.

Do you get an error? If the contacts are dirty on the lens or body you could get an error99.

Dirty contacts on a lens or battery or camera can cause problems, sure. This won't cause permanent harm to the camera though. I suppose its possible that using a lens with a shorted motor could possibly damage the camera or a lens that wasn't made for the camera obstructing/hitting the mirror when taking a shot. Either of these problems, however, should be pretty obvious.

In another thread there's a case of a defective CF card blowing a fuse in a 300D...

-js

A shorted CF card, yeah, that could do it too. Though I'd guess this to be highly unlikely for any authentic name-brand card.

as everyone said... the battery can damage your camera (improper charging or your battery gets wet), the lenses can have issues due to their contacts.