For the photographer using through-the-lens light metering, the light loss introduced by tubes (defined above by Lester) doesn't call for any computation/manual compensation on shooting. The metering system inside the camera will read the reduced light and react accordingly, in the same way as if, say, a cloud dimmed the sunshine. With a preset aperture, the metering system will set the shutter to the appropriately slower (compared to the naked lens) speed.
Beside the fact that normal lenses with tubes - especially zooms - generally underperform compared to macro lenses, some lenses are notoriously soft at minimum focusing distances even before tubes are added, and are therefore particularly unsuitable for macro use. One such is the 70-200 f/4 IS at 200mm. It pays to check on this possible issue before buying tubes. Unfortunately, I didn't.