Hey Cam.
I will try to explain as simply and as best I can as to what has happened to the exposure in most of these shots.
If you are using "evaluative" metering, the camera is looking at the entire frames incoming light, and its thinking - "man this scene is way too bright, got to wind back the exposure a little to bring things back to 18percent Grey, which is my job, as this Photog doesn't know what he's doing........."
Outcome, = Grey snow....(camera metering was fooled)
When you get a lot of white in your frame, ie, snow picture, white wedding dress etc, - any time there is predominantly white, your camera WILL be fooled and think your overexposing the shot. It will try to screw things up on you by UNDEREXPOSING the outcome.
Wedding photogs (like me) constantly have to compensate for this by ADDING up to say a third stop of exposure compensation.
- The same thing happens when your subject is mostly black, like a grooms suit, or a black cat in a coal mine.
The camera "thinks" Man you don't know what your doing! - i'll fix up your shot and OVEREXPOSE it a bit. Cameras answer to a mostly black picture is to OVEREXPOSE it.
Result = Grey suits! LOL. (Grey black cat,,,etc)
Answer to the not so perfect camera brain is:-
Use + exposure compensation with a mostly white picture.
(therefore keeping "whites, white")
And,
Use - exposure compensation with a mostly Dark picture.
(keeping blacks , black, and not Grey!)
Check out your cameras manual to see hot to use + and minus exposure compensation.
When ever your in doubt, "BRACKET" your shot. ie, use plus a little exposure compensation, and shoot again using minus a little exposure compensation.
Your photography will leap ahead when you do!
All the best, Mark