That is when you open your photo in Photoshop (or other editing program), and then without resizing the shot, you use the "Rectangle Selection Tool" and select an area. Once you have an area, you then crop away every thing other than the selection by using the Image>Crop Command. For the purpose of posting here, you want the selection to have a longest dimension of no more than 1024 pixels.
The resulting image is called a "100% Crop". Because 1) its resolution is at 100% of the native shot - neither resized up nor down, and 2) it is a Cropped portion of a larger shot.
When you post a 100% crop, the primary purpose is to show the native sharpness (or lack of sharpness), or to draw attention to a certain area of a shot. A 100% crop is not usually meant to be a final image for printing.
So, in this shot, the first image is a "100% crop" of the area in the red square from the second image. These were originally posted to show the noise characteristics of the 5dMkII at 3200 iso. The bottom, "full" shot is just the jpg taken out of the camera and then reduced in size for display here, as Tony said, so you can see the whole image on your monitor.
BEFORE I minified the image, I used the rectangle selection tool and cropped out just the portion seen in the first image here. That way, the viewer can see a "full sized" - or "one for one mapping", or "100%" look at a portion of the shot.
Hope that this helps.
IMG NOTICE: [NOT AN IMAGE URL, NOT RENDERED INLINE]
IMG NOTICE: [NOT AN IMAGE URL, NOT RENDERED INLINE]