I am red/green deficient (deuteranopic) and this thread raises a number of interesting questions for me too. By the way, I also have macular degeneration, and now regard myself as a blind photographer.
Both the colour deficiency and the macular degeneration are relevant here, because in daylight I tend to get a lot of glare, I presume mainly from the blue/violet/UV end of the specctrum. It is true for me at least that night-time vision can be clearer because you're taking away the complications of the colour spectrum. A pair of brown sunglasses during the day, so long as they're not too dark, help to clarify things, too, though that doesn't help at all with your colour sense!
So why don't I take black-and-white photos? Well, constitutionally, I just don't like b&W that much, and it reminds me of the bad old days of B&W telly and no choice but to have B&W photos. I love colour, even if I am incompetent to handle it properly.
Most of the time, my approach to colour is not to fiddle with it. If you've got your camera set up the way you want it, perhaps manipulating colours isn't going to be that important for the finished image, unless you're making exotic digital art.
Interestingly, I can see the reds better on my computer monitor than I can while I'm taking my photos, and this gives me a useful check on whether I'm getting the shots I want. I tested this to the max last autumn when all those confusing reds, golds, browns and oranges were rife in the environment. It took a lot of guesswork to try to get the right images, but I seem to have developed a pretty good intuition about what's going to look right.
Occasionally, I have bumped up the blue in photos a slight bit to make them look more like the way I remembered the scene I was taking. But this sets me quite a conundrum. Is my membery playing tricks? Will the finished image look right to you as well as me? I might have a tendency to overcompensate for my own visual deficiencies, so that's why I'm pretty cautious about this.
There is a blog called the Colorblind Photographer, which may be of interest.
http://www.thecolorblindphotographer.com/