The 8x10 image size setting (indeed any setting at all in the crop dialog except free form/custom) in the crop dialog is just a print size. It just defines a fixed dimension, an "aspect ratio" if you will, that will be used to crop your image.
In other words, whatever crop size you specify in Photoshop, you are not limited to the area Photoshop selects as the default size of the crop box for that setting. If you select to apply the Bounding Box ie enable transformation of the crop area, you can drag it to resize and include as much of the image as you want. You can also drag it to position it in whatever part of the image you want.You will just remain in the 8x10 aspect ratio. That is to say, you can not change the length or width independently, but you can change the actual size.
No matter how big you make the crop area, it will still end up being 8x10 in the final print size, but you can include as much of the image as you want in it.