Pbelarge, the answers to all the above are, essentially, "it depends"
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For, say, sports, events, or a concentrated active shoot, say street shooting, It's not uncommon for me to fill up an 8 Gig card with 400-500 Raw images then pull out the next one. 1000 shot days are not unheard of, and I'm not a pro. But, this is typically the quickest stuff to post-process.
For a more casual walkabout, maybe 200-400 shots, for wildlife pretty much a full card is a common thing, and then there are the 50, 100, more or less occasions.
Landscape-type shooting, typically lower in numbers but much more exacting in post-processing.
Whatever I shoot in a "session" downloaded, a card at a time. Start a download, fiddle about -- a good SB 2.0 connection can download more than a Gig per minute and then the LR importing process takes some time -- grab some coffee or pop a beer
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The "keeper rate" will again vary, depending on what you are shooting and how "adapted" you are, conditions, etc. The stuff that can drive you nuts is an active thing, such as a sport, that you are pretty attuned to "getting the shot" and, especially when the light conditions are favorable, I end up with say 500 to 1000 shots that don't want to be dumped!
But then since I've done a lot of birding in adverse elements I've been forced to ISO 3200 and still slow shutter speeds and end up tossing half or more of my photos.
The good news is that if you are shooting things that you've learned to shoot well, you need relatively little post processing. Culling the bad ones, doing the quick stuff and Syncing across batches of photos is not an excruciatingly slow process. It's when you are shooting a scene that needs and deserves some tender care, typically because of challenging outdoor lighting conditions, that you want to stop and spend longer on an image or images.
I enjoy the shoots where you can do a quick conversion, amost as quick and easy as shooting jpegs, but real rewards come when you move into those challenging scenes and massage some beauty out of them. The "digital darkroom" lets us play for all these things!